![]() ![]() It has been suggested that during the Kōshin festival, according to old beliefs, one’s bad deeds might be reported to heaven "unless avoidance actions were taken…". The Kōshin festival was held on the 60th day of the calendar. "The Three Mystic Apes" (Sambiki Saru) were described as "the attendants of Saruta Hito no Mikoto or Kōshin, the God of the Roads". There are even important festivals that are celebrated during the year of the Monkey (occurring every twelve years) and a special festival is celebrated every sixteenth year of the Kōshin. The monkey is believed to be the messenger of the Hie Shinto shrines, which also have connections with Tendai Buddhism. The shrine at Nikko is a Shinto shrine, and the monkey is an extremely important being in the Shinto religion. Thus the saying (which does not include any specific reference to "evil") can also be interpreted as referring to three monkeys. The saying in Japanese is mizaru, kikazaru, iwazaru ( 見ざる, 聞かざる, 言わざる) "see not, hear not, speak not", where the -zaru is a negative conjugation on the three verbs, matching zaru, the modified form of saru ( 猿) "monkey" used in compounds. Though the teaching had nothing to do with monkeys, the concept of the three monkeys originated from a simple play on words. During the later part of the Muromachi period, it was customary to display stone pillars depicting the three monkeys during the observance of Kōshin. A considerable number of stone monuments can be found all over the eastern part of Japan around Tokyo. It was founded by Tendai Buddhist monks in the late 10th century. The Kōshin belief or practice is a Japanese folk religion with Chinese Taoism origins and ancient Shinto influence. It is through the Kōshin rite of folk religion that the most significant examples are presented. ![]() It may be that this phrase was shortened and simplified after it was brought into Japan. In Chinese, a similar phrase exists in the late Analects of Confucius from 2nd to 4th century B.C.: "Look not at what is contrary to propriety listen not to what is contrary to propriety speak not what is contrary to propriety make no movement which is contrary to propriety" ( 非禮勿視,非禮勿聽,非禮勿言,非禮勿動). It has been suggested that the figures represent the three dogmas of the so-called middle school of the sect. The philosophy, however, probably originally came to Japan with a Tendai-Buddhist legend, from China in the 8th century (Nara Period). There are a total of eight panels, and the iconic three wise monkeys picture comes from panel 2. The carvings at Tōshō-gū Shrine were carved by Hidari Jingoro, and believed to have incorporated Confucius’s Code of Conduct, using the monkey as a way to depict man’s life cycle. The source that popularized this pictorial maxim is a 17th-century carving over a door of the famous Tōshō-gū shrine in Nikkō, Japan. A World War II poster directed at participants in the Manhattan Project. ![]()
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